The studies showed that when antisemitic hate crimes are connected with Israel or Zionism, respondents become more ambivalent and less uniformly opposed to the violence. The media analysis also found that anti-Jewish hate crimes after October 7 were sometimes framed through a nationalist lens, which could be concerning for Zionists or people connected to Israeli organizations, including in cases such as the May 2025 killings of Israeli Embassy employees Sarah Milgrim and Yaron Lischinsky outside the Capital Jewish Museum.